Glory Days

From three years ago. I figure this is needed since there is a lot of misinformation about the hurricane response.

Many people see FEMA as some sort of large Federal organization that responds to emergencies. They aren’t. What FEMA is, is a guy with a Rolodex (Remember those? If you don’t, ask your parents, snowflake.) and a checkbook. There isn’t some magical team of Federal Employees sitting around, waiting for “the big one” so they can swoop in and save everyone. That isn’t how it works.

No, this FEMA guy’s phonebook is filled with the contact information of local and state resources that can be called in an emergency. Those resources respond, tracking expenses and man hours used, and the FEMA guy then breaks out the checkbook to reimburse the states involved. The Governor doesn’t call out FEMA for shit. If you want to get technical, FEMA can’t do a thing unless the President tells them to. (Didn’t Trump catch hell for that recently?) FEMA’s largest contribution is writing the check to pay for it all.

After 9/11, the US government came up with the concept of Urban Search and Rescue Teams. They follow a set of guidelines in equipment and training, so that all of them nationwide operate on a similar set of procedures. This makes them interoperable across state lines: a person qualified for one could easily fit into any of the others. A USAR is equipped with everything from power generators to food trailers and rescue equipment. They have medical supplies, fuel, and all other equipment needed to fulfill their mission. Each USAR maintains over 5,000 pieces of equipment and has 140 or so assigned personnel. They can operate independently for 2 weeks, longer with resupply of fuel, food, and other consumables.

While there are some variations in the mission for each team (a team in Florida doesn’t need to be equipped for blizzards, for example) the teams are remarkably similar in training and equipment.

Florida doesn’t need FEMA resources for a building collapse. The state has eight Urban Search and Rescue Teams, all of whom are trained and equipped for that. Each one is centered on a large city, and draws its personnel from surrounding first responders. These first responders volunteer for the team, are sent to special training, and then become qualified for the team. Specialists are trained in HAZMAT, trench rescue, building collapse, confined space, water rescue, dive rescue, high angle, and vehicle and machinery rescue. Every member is certified as an EMT or Paramedic. It takes 2 to 3 years of training to fully qualify for a USAR team, on top of the extra training that they do on a constant basis. Most USAR members are the best of what their employing agencies have to offer. They are the most motivated and able of emergency responders.

To be honest, I loved deployments. Not because deployments meant people were suffering. No, mostly it was because they were a test of all that you had learned. That, and a FEMA deployment usually pays pretty well. I was deployed to Katrina for 12 days and was paid more than $5,000. You want people who bring years of expertise and thousands of hours of training to come save you? You want people willing to live on 3 hours’ sleep a night without bathing while shitting in a bucket and eating old MRE’s for two weeks? It’s gonna cost ya. That kind of expertise and dedication isn’t cheap.

When talking about libertarian theories of government, someone always comes forward with the example that fire departments be privatized. When I point out that private fire departments were already tried in this country and didn’t work, someone always points to volunteer fire departments as an example.

And they are wrong. Fire departments are a subject in which I consider myself to be an expert, having functioned and worked in half a dozen of them over a three decade period. I have been a volunteer with at least four different volunteer fire departments. Three of them are no longer staffed by volunteers, and the fourth is in a VERY rural area.

The problems with running a volunteer department are many. Let’s start with the reason why libertarians want to use them- money.

Funding

While cheaper than a full time, paid department, volunteer departments still cost money, and in most cases those departments are nowhere near as effective as a career department. There are only two ways that a fire department can be funded: Through tax dollars, or through voluntary donations called “membership fees.”

The tax dollar funding model is self explanatory, so I will spend some time discussing membership fees. In order to become a member of the fire association, each property owner pays a voluntary membership fee, with these fees ranging from $30 to a couple of hundred, depending on the particulars. If a member’s property is responded to by the fire department, their membership fee is all that they pay. If the fire department responds to a nonmember’s house, there are two possibilities:

• The department refuses to respond to the nonmember’s property. This creates a lot of bad press, as people think that it’s wrong to allow a home to burn down because they haven’t paid. There are those who say “Just let them pay the fee after the house catches fire.”
• So the department has a fee structure where a nonmember is billed after they have a fire. That is not really workable, because the chances of any one person having a fire is exceedingly small, on the order of 1 in 10,000 or so. Many people will roll the dice in such a situation and wait until they have a fire to pay. If everyone refused to pay until they have a fire, the department would either have no funds, or the fee would be so large that people couldn’t pay it. Even volunteer departments charge fees of $5,000 or more to put out your fire.

All fire departments require large amounts of funding. There are fire trucks to be bought, a fire station, firefighting equipment, insurance, utilities, fuel, and a myriad of other expenses like training that all must be paid for. The larger and busier the department is, the more that costs.

Let me explain:

Volunteer department D: This was a very busy volunteer fire and rescue squad in a large city (over 400,000 people) that had been in operation since the 1950s. Over the years, more and more career firefighters were added to staff the station during periods when the volunteers were unavailable. When I was there, one fire engine and one ladder truck in the station were staffed 24/7 by a crew of 8 career firefighters, while several EMS units and a second fire engine were staffed by volunteers. There are no longer any volunteer firefighters there. While I was there, it was volunteer, but it still was funded by tax dollars and had an ISO rating of 4/9.

Volunteer Department H: This is a volunteer department in a very rural area of the Ozark mountains. It’s staffed by untrained volunteers, and while they work hard, they have almost no money for equipment. The fire engine that they had was a 1950’s era fire truck. In the year that I was there, they had exactly 5 fires: 2 brush fires, 2 chimney fires, and one house fire that saw the house burn to the ground. It had an ISO rating of 9. It is funded through mandatory fire fees that are collected through the county tax office, and has an operating budget of about $50,000 a year, even though there are only about 500 residents.

Volunteer Department B: This was a busy volunteer department that responded to approximately 4,000 calls per year out of two stations that contained a total of four engines, two brush trucks, two ambulances, a pair of tankers, and a rescue squad. The ambulance at each station was staffed by two career firefighters, and the fire engines were staffed by volunteers. The requirement was that one fire engine at each station was staffed 24/7 by two volunteers. Each volunteer was required to be in the station for four 12 hour shifts per month. The funding for this department came from tax dollars. Eventually, the department went to a full time career staffing model. When it was volunteer, it had an ISO rating of 5/8.

Volunteer Department M: This was also a busy volunteer department. It responded to about 1,500 calls per year out of one station. It served a small town of about 12,000 people until the late 90s, when the population (and 911 calls) exploded, with the town going from a population of 12,000 to 70,000 within just three years. The volunteer system collapsed under the weight of increased call volume, and it was taken over by a career department. The station had a rescue squad, a tanker, a fire engine, and a brush truck and was supported by tax dollars. Its ISO rating was a 6/9, but the station is gone and there is a gas station where it used to be.

There are some very successful and large volunteer fire departments. The Thibodaux Volunteer Fire Department is one such department. It boasts 500 volunteers responding to calls out of 10 fire stations, with 150 of those volunteers being active in responding to calls, the rest of them doing fundraising and other services. The department has an ISO rating of 3. However, the city of Thibodaux provides nearly half of the department’s $2 million in operating expenses from tax dollars. This is a great example of the best in Volunteer firefighting, but it still needs to be funded through taxes.

Staffing

The additional fact is that volunteerism is declining in this country, and has been for decades. A lot of factors go into the reasons for that. The demands on volunteers’ time is one- training, maintenance, and increasing call volumes are big reasons for this. Not to mention, it’s easy to get people to show up to the “exciting” calls like plane crashes, fires, and auto accidents. It isn’t nearly as easy to get volunteers to show up to EMS calls, because it isn’t “fun” to show up and deal with the demented old lady who is covered in her own shit. Firefighters, especially volunteers, are adrenaline junkies, and EMS runs just aren’t exciting.

Trust me- I was in charge of retention and response at department M during the end of my time there. We tried a mandatory staffing model like Department B, but there weren’t enough volunteers to do it. We tried paying a volunteer $5 an hour to staff it during the day when the other volunteers were at work. Then we tried paying volunteers $4 each for showing up to EMS calls, but that didn’t work either. The demands on people’s time was just too much to bear. The number of calls that went unanswered climbed steadily, until almost 10 percent of non-fire calls went unanswered. People just didn’t want to run the “boring” calls. As one volunteer told me- “I am here because I like putting out fires. I give the time I want to give, that’s what volunteering means. I am not about to come in at 2 am just to wipe grandma’s ass or deal with some homeless junkie.”

Training

Another demand on firefighter time is training. Everyone likes to do live burns. Those are fun. Where people don’t like to train is in the more dry subjects- classroom time in HAZMAT, medical training, and the hundred other topics that are required to run a fire department. It’s getting more and more difficult to get people to come to things like training. Even paid firefighters hate training- and there is a lot of it. To become a state certified firefighter and EMT in Florida takes nearly 2,000 hours of training, and then another 250 or so hours of training per year. It’s a lot, and volunteers just don’t have the time to engage that much.

It’s tough, and it’s getting tougher, to recruit, train, and retain volunteers. It’s tough to fund their operations without using tax dollars- in fact, it’s almost impossible to do so without some form of mandatory, tax funded source of income.

A recent article about a Lake County, Florida fire truck accidentally laying 1200 feet of firehose down the middle of the Florida Turnpike and causing damage to a number of cars made me want to post about the old days when I still did that sort of thing.

The hose that runs from the fire hydrant to the fire truck is called supply line. Most supply line is 3 inches or more in diameter, and in Central Florida, it’s usually 5 inches. (Orlando uses 4 inch, but that is because they typically have fire hydrants that are close together).

First, a bit of engineering.

The reason for this is hydrodynamics and friction loss. The average water main pressure is about 65 psi. At 1,000 gallons per minute, a 3 inch hose loses 80 pounds of pressure every 100 feet of hose length due to friction between the moving water and the hose itself, while a 4 inch diameter hose loses 20 pounds of pressure, and a 5 inch hose loses only 8 pounds. That means, if you want longer hose lays with high flow, the larger the diameter of your supply line, the better.

There is a lot of math involved in being the driver of a fire engine. You need to be able to calculate your friction losses in your head, rapidly, and remember that the lives of the guys in the burning building depend on you getting it correct. When you are flowing 2,000 gallons per minute through half a dozen different hose lines a 2 in the morning at a burning strip mall isn’t the time to realize that you are math deficient.

5 inch supply line has what is called a “sexless coupling” meaning that there is no male or female end, the couplings are interchangeable. This allows you to start laying from either the fire to the hydrant, called a reverse lay, or from the hydrant to the fire, called a forward lay. There are advantages and disadvantages to both, but we won’t talk about that in this post.

My fire truck carried 1200 feet of 5 inch diameter supply line. That means with standard hydrant pressure, I could get a bit more than 800 gallons per minute into my engine without having to put another fire engine at the hydrant to boost pressure.

The problem with this is twofold:

• 5 inch hose is heavy. Each 100 foot section weighs a bit more than 100 pounds without water in it. Filled with water, that increases to over 1,000 pounds.
• 5 inch hose is bulky. The hose itself lays flat, but the couplings are a pain. The hose has to be loaded on the truck in a specific way, or it won’t come out of the truck correctly.

In Practice:

Both of these issues mean that 5 inch is a pain in the ass. It’s worth it, but that is not much consolation when you have to lay and reload 1200 feet of it. Anyhow, if loaded correctly, that hose comes out of the truck like a scalded dog. Like so:

I sympathize with the guys that this happened to. I once laid all 1200 feet of my supply line without meaning to when I was on the way to a large multi alarm fire. We hit a bump, the hose began laying out, and I dumped all 1200 feet in the middle of the road.

There was another time that the water department had removed a hydrant without telling the fire department. I arrived at a fire at 2 o’clock in the morning with the assignment of “secure the water supply.” I decided to do what is called a reverse lay.

So I began laying my supply hose at the fire, and headed to where I thought the closest hydrant was. 1,000 feet later, I arrived at where the hydrant was (or so I thought) and it was no longer there. After the fire was out, the other guys on the engine were not happy with me at all as we loaded all thousand pounds of hose back onto the truck.

The reason for that, is the hose is loaded by the driver backing over the hose as firefighters standing on the back of the truck lift it and load it back on the truck. The driver doesn’t do a thing but drive, the firefighters load the hose. I wasn’t a popular guy that night…

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For those who are interested, the amount of hose and other equipment carried on the engine I was assigned to for the last six years of my career as a firefighter was pretty impressive. We had:

• 1200 feet of 5 inch supply line
• 300 feet of 3 inch supply line
• a single 30 foot piece of 5 inch supply line in the side running board
• a 250 foot length of 2 1/2 inch line preconnected to a smooth bore nozzle (cross lay)
• a 300 foot piece of 2 1/2 inch line preconnected to a gated wye
• a pair of 1 3/4 inch line that were 200 feet each, with nozzles connected to them (cross lays)
• a 100 foot long 1 3/4 inch “trash line” on the front bumper
• another 200 feet of 2 1/2 inch line, and 300 feet of 1 3/4 inch line in the storage compartments.
• a “high rise pack” with another 200 feet of 1 3/4 inch hose in it.

That comes to 4,000 feet of hose. Plus all of the connectors, hose tools, breathing apparatus, spare air bottles, medical equipment, thermal cameras, 100 gallons of various types of foam, a set of hydraulic rescue tools, air tools, hand tools, flashlights, a gasoline powered fan, a power saw, extension cords, 2 chain saws, 6 axes, a set of pneumatic lift bags, 2 cases of Gatoraide, 2 boxes of energy bars, and a dozen other tools. The truck itself has a 1500 gallon per minute pump, a 10 kw generator, and 1,000 gallons of firefighting water onboard. In all, there were more than 10,000 pounds of equipment and supplies on that truck.

I loved driving and working off of that engine. I did everything on that truck- I rode as firefighter, paramedic, driver, and even as the officer in charge. There are times that I miss doing it. Life was easier and less complicated then. All I had to do was put the wet stuff on the red stuff.

When the world gets to be a bit overwhelming, I like to sit and think about when things were different. Times weren’t necessarily easier then. This day, I’m thinking about this time of the year, but in 1987. It’s been 36 years and so much has changed since then.

Reagan was still President, I was in the military and also broke. I had an infant son. Still, I was young and the world was filled with the promise of things that could yet still be. Let’s listen to what was on my radio then and remember a time when things were different.

Last night, I was watching some of the streaming offerings on PlutoTV. It got me to thinking about the America that existed when I was a kid. The shows like Mutual of Omaha’s Wild Kingdom, the Wonderful World of Disney, Six Million Dollar Man, Happy Days, Barney Miller, Mork and Mindy, The Love Boat, Three’s Company, and Laverne and Shirley. During the day, we grew up on old shows like the Dick van Dyke show, Andy Griffith, and The Beverly Hillbillys.

Watching music videos on television.

All of it seems like it was so corny, and so wholesome. I know that life had its difficulties. We had the Carter years, the Cold War, and my young adult years were filled with my time in the military, but being young, the world seemed so much better in those days than it is now. Things made more sense then. Perhaps its due to the state of the world today, or perhaps its due to the youthful optimism that we all have when we are in our teens.

Still, there are times when I live in the nostalgia of the years between 1976 and 1996, and long to return to those days. So I think I will sit here for a couple of hours, watch some nostalgia TV, and remember a time when I was young, and the world seemed to make sense. Then I have to go to work.

In a recent comment, Big Ruckus D said that I am a Renaissance man type. I recognize that I have a broad knowledge base, but that is largely because of a sense of curiosity at how things work, an inability to sit around and be a couch potato, a sense of adventure, and a lot of luck.

I have had a couple of professions, a lot of jobs, and quite a few hobbies that turned into obsessions. Because I have usually had more than one job, there is a lot of overlap. There were times when I had three jobs and worked more than 90 hours a week. During the fall of 2004, there was a stretch there when I was working 144 hours a week. (Considering that there are only 168 hours in a week, that was a busy time.)

The most interesting people that I have ever met were older people who had a lot of stories to tell. That, combined with a love for the Heinlein quote I read as a child about all of the things that a human ought to be able to do, and I have always aspired to learn lots of things. I have made every attempt to make my story an interesting one, and I have done a shitload of stuff over the years.

In the course of doing these things, I have managed to collect half a dozen college degrees in Art, Medicine, Nursing, Fire Science, as well as administration and management. I’m currently working on my Master’s degree. If I decide to get my doctorate, I will likely finish it just before I begin collecting social security, so I don’t think I will try for that. When I earned my last degree (nursing), I was old enough to be the grandfather of my youngest classmate, and older than all but a handful of the instructors. Some of the nurses at the hospitals where I did my internship told me how inspiring it was to see someone “as old as” I was still going to school.

So here are some of the things that I have done:

Professions:

• I was a Navy sailor for 6 years. They taught me to be an electrician and an electric motor rewinder. I also learned to love fighting fires as a part of the ship’s Nucleus Fire Party.
• After I got out of the Navy, I tried running my own business, a motor repair shop. It turns out that I didn’t know much about running a business at the time (I was only 24 and had never had a real job). I lost my ass and moved back to Florida after only 2 years, where my first job was as a construction electrician. I did that for about 6 months, but moved on. It was too hot, too hard, and too little pay.
• I was a civilian automation electrician for about 8 years: PLCs, robotics, motor controls, power transmissions, that sort of thing. I learned a lot for this job: I can rebuild gearboxes, do limited welding, repair conveyors, Jetway bridges, cold rolling steel mills, induction annealers, microwave welders, variable frequency drives, vector drives, inverters, and aircraft ground support equipment, etc. I worked at the Orlando Airport, a stainless steel pipe and tube mill, a factory that makes Skylights, an orange juice bottling plant, a paint factory, and for Disney (where I made robots dance while dressed like chickens).
• Firefighter/medic: When I got out of the Navy, I was a volunteer, then part time, and then full time as a career. I liked it more than being an electrician, so one slowly pushed out the other to become my main job, but I still had a lot of side jobs (see below). In all, I spend over 20 years putting out fires and taking people to the hospital. I did every job in the department except fire chief: Firefighter, paramedic, HAZMAT, technical rescue, DHS certified safety officer, EMS supervisor, truckie, Company Officer, Instructor, Rescue diver, Public safety diver, wildland firefighter, and I even trained as a SWAT medic for a time. Then I retired from that and:
• I was a high school science teacher for 7 years.
• Now I am a Registered Nurse

In the middle of all of that, I had a lot of second jobs:

• Used car salesman (I sucked at it. Only did it for 4 months. Sold three cars, made $900 in commission. Like I said, I sucked. I couldn’t lie to people and get them to buy something I knew was a bad deal.)
• Automotive chemicals salesman. (After this one, I realized that I can’t sell shit- no more sales for me)
• Underwater tour guide (Fun, but the pay was low. I only did it because I got to dive for free)
• SCUBA instructor (Free diving, free classes, discounts on SCUBA gear)
• One year, I had a job putting Christmas lights on the outside of tall buildings
• Critical Care Paramedic
• Paramedic on an interfacility ambulance
• Janitor
• I mucked out horse stalls for the Budweiser Clydesdales for a bit
• Lifeguard
• I worked at an aluminum injection molding plant, making Bar B Q pits. That work was mind-numbingly stupid, even worse than being a janitor.
• Instructor at a Vo-Tech school. At various times, I taught motor controls, phlebotomy, paramedic, and EMT.
• I was a consultant for various companies. I was getting $200 an hour for my time. I couldn’t get steady work, but for about 6 months, I made some serious cash. There is a story there, and I will tell it on this blog some day.
• I designed, built, and sold rotary phase converters that allowed people to run three phase motors on single phase power. Made a bit of spare money at that one.
• When I was a kid, my brother and I helped out on my Uncle’s farm. I will never forget watching him castrate a hog when I was only 9 years old.
• I once helped out in milking rattlesnakes (for venom).
• I had an FFL and sold guns for awhile. Never made much money, but had fun and bought some guns wholesale. Had a table at some gun shows in Virginia. Sold guns out of my house, back when you could just run a classified ad in the paper. Bought SKS rifles for $79, sold them for $99. I must have sold dozens of those things.

Hobbies:

• HAM radio General ticket
• SCUBA master diver
• Home automation
• this blog
• robotics
• IDPA Sharpshooter
• amateur gunsmith
• I tried being a stand up comic. I was mildly funny, buy couldn’t come up with new material fast enough to do more than a couple of shows. I did a great bit about farting in the space shuttle, but I wasn’t good enough to do more than that.
• I was a semi-professional racquetball player. Never was good enough to take the next step, plus you can’t win enough to pay the bills and chicks don’t dig it, even if you tell them you are a professional athlete.

Then there were the interesting events:

• I was twice homeless for a time. (1994, and 1999)
• I went bankrupt once, about 15 years ago. I lost everything.
• Then there was the year that I made so much money that I owed the IRS more than $230,000 at the end of the year.
• I was arrested twice, once for attempted murder, but no charges were ever filed and they eventually let me go (that is a different story, also interesting). That was a long time ago, when I was young and dumb.
• I spend three nights in a Federal prison as a prisoner. (That’s another story that you may or may not find interesting, and also a long time ago, when I was dumb.)
• After all of that, no convictions on my record. (again, it was a good story) Haven’t even had a traffic ticket in more than 2 decades.
• I once testified against my boss in Federal court. He was a real scumbag. He got away with it, and I hope he burns in hell for what he did to those people. That was also a pretty good story, but I can’t tell that one. Gag order.
• I’ve been married three times. This is the last one. I have grown as a person, and this one is the one that I want to be with. It’s been a decade now, and we are just a great fit.
• I have travelled to 48 states (all but Wisconsin and Minnesota) and 35 foreign countries on 5 of the 7 continents.

So I have done a lot of stuff. Some of it interesting, and some of it things that I had to do to pay the bills. Some of it was hard, some paid well, others didn’t. When I write it like this, it seems a lot more eventful that it was when I was actually doing it. I was just trying to get through life and have a bit of fun, but it certainly looks busy. I don’t see how people can get to more than 50 years old without a list of things that looks like this.

If you are still young, don’t sit there and be boring. You only get one shot to experience all that life has to offer. Get out there and don’t waste it.

A man was shot on Rivertree Circle in Orlando. This area is one of the “bad neighborhoods” in Orlando. It isn’t Pine Hills or Paramore bad, but that is mainly due to the fact that the “bad” area isn’t that large. Still, this is the Americana area, which is one of the worst areas for crime in the Orlando area:

1. Pine Hills
2. Paramore
3. Washington Shores
4. Americana Blvd
5. Semoran Blvd
6. Kirkman Road
7. Metro West

Hearing about that neighborhood brings back memories.

Shortly after I was divorced 25 years ago, I was homeless for a time. Friends letting me shower at their place or sleep on the couch occasionally. The amount of child support I was paying, combined with the fact that the court ordered me to pay all of the credit card debt from when we were married meant being without much money. The child support and credit cards were automatically deducted from my pay, which only left me with $300 per month to live on. I walked everywhere and only ate on the days I was at the firehouse for work. I lost 55 pounds that summer. After two months, the small amount of money I could save enabled me to save $500 for a down payment to get a buy here/pay here car and allowed me to get a second job and live in that car.

Once my income was a bit better, I was able to split a two bedroom apartment with a roommate, and the Americana area was the only one we could afford. My half of the rent and utilities was $300 a month. I just checked- the rent in that area is much higher now. A two bedroom in that area costs about $1500 a month nowadays. For a crime ridden ghetto neighborhood.

The neighborhood was so bad that delivery drivers would refuse to deliver pizza or other meals in there, so you had to go get it as take out. Not even a pizza. One of the few places that used to deliver there was a place called “Steak Out.” They have since gone out of business in Florida, but it wasn’t that the food was bad. They delivered a complete steak dinner, the meals were decent, and the prices were reasonable. It’s just that they routinely got robbed at gun point. I was able to order from them once a month or so. It was a special treat.

I once ordered a meal from there, and just as I was biting into the salad, there was a knock at the door. I opened it to discover the delivery driver standing there, disheveled and beaten. He asked to use the phone, because he said he had just been robbed at gunpoint. I immediately drew a handgun, and his eyes grew wide as saucers, and I asked him what the guy looked like. I never found him. The critter was long gone.

In short, I was broke and had to live in a shitty, crime infested neighborhood. It was the kind of place where you didn’t go outdoors at night, unless you had a death wish. I spent a year living there, and then got out.

That was a rough time in my life, but I didn’t sit around and wait for handouts. I worked at the Fire Department, and on my days off I worked a second job as a janitor at Sea World. I went to school during what free time I had and got my paramedic. That got me a $7,000 a year raise. I also quit my janitor job and got a second job working for an ambulance company, which paid much better than janitorial work. I didn’t have to be poor any longer.

Don’t give up. Hard work and a bit of smarts can get you out of whatever situation you are in.

To help in understanding the Disney rules, I want to take a minute to explain how Florida works when it comes to EMS and dead people. Florida’s EMS system requires that all prehospital services (like EMS) have to be supervised by a doctor. That doctor is called a medical director, and that medical director sets the rules under which all of the EMT’s and Paramedics that he supervises must operate. The rules are referred to as protocols.

Some medical directors don’t trust their underlings very much, and keep them on a very short leash by making protocols restrictive. Other medical directors allow their medics latitude to make more clinical decisions than others. There are all kinds of protocols.

My first medical director here in Florida was one of the strict kinds. We were not allowed to declare someone dead. Ever. Every single person got transported, and the doctor in the ED had to make the call. We once transported a person whose head was severed from his body. The ED doctors were pissed.

If you decide that the patient is dead on scene, the radio call used to be “Signal 7.” Then the 911 commission came along, and we were no longer allowed to use codes. From that point on, the radio call became: “No code, no vitals.”

Reedy Creek is, for all practical purposes, a government that is owned by a private company. Their medical director is VERY strict, and the protocols that they operate under are anachronistic. They wrote their protocols IMO with a lawyer and PR department in mind, but not a doctor, and certainly not the patient, in mind. One of the rules that Disney operates under is that all medical patients need to be transported to the hospital, even if they are dead. The majority of them go to Advent Hospital in Celebration, where the doctor then declares them dead. Since Celebration Hospital is not on Disney property, the person didn’t die at Disney. They died in the Hospital.