economics

Property Tax Cuts

The Republican Legislature of Florida is proposing changes to the state’s property tax policy. There are a number of proposals that will make it to the 2026 ballot, and I have researched them so you don’t have to. I am going to break it down for you, using my own taxes as an illustration. Then you decide which is the one you want.

In my case, I pay about $6100 per year in property taxes on a $600,000 home. It breaks down like this:

  • $1700 goes to the county
  • $2000 to the town
  • $1900 to the school board
  • $400 per year goes to police, fire, EMS, hospital, and the water authority. This part is not an ad-valorum tax.

HJR 201 (Steele): Eliminates non-school ad-valorum property taxes for homesteads entirely. This would lower my taxes to $2300 per year ($1900 for the school board, $400 to police, fire, EMS, hospitals, and the water authority). This bill doesn’t prevent taxes that are flat fee based. Localities will likely switch to a non ad-valorum tax scheme, such as charging each property a flat fee as a tax.

HJR 203 (Miller): Phases out those same taxes over 10 years by adding an additional $100,000 exemption added each year. My taxes would go down by $500 the first year, $500 the second, and so on, until my taxes were finally about $2300 per year. This bill doesn’t prevent taxes that are flat fee based. Localities will likely switch to a non ad-valorum tax scheme, such as charging each property a flat fee as a tax.

HJR 205 (Porras): Exempts Florida residents 65 and older from paying non-school property taxes on homesteads. This one won’t change my taxes a bit until I turn 65, meaning that towns will simply raise taxes on everyone else to make up for the shortfall. Since those over 65 already get major breaks, many of them don’t pay taxes, anyhow. Politicians won’t face as much voter backlash. I think this is the one that politicians will love.

HJR 207 (Abbott): Creates a new 25% homestead exemption on non-school taxes — aiding current and first-time homebuyers. This one was trickier to decipher. I believe that it would lower my taxes by about $400 per year. It doesn’t prevent rate increases. I predict that localities will respond by raising milage rates. In the end, there will be no net change in what you actually pay.

HJR 209 (Busatta): Offers an extra $100,000 exemption to homeowners who carry property insurance, intended to ease overall housing costs. This one won’t make a huge difference. It would cut taxes by about $500 per year, but it would be an effective subsidy to insurance companies, who will happily raise insurance costs in response. It honestly looks like it was written by insurance companies.

HJR 211 (Overdorf): Eliminates the cap on “portability,” allowing homeowners to transfer their entire Save Our Homes benefit to a new property, even if it’s of lesser value. This one only lowers your tax liability if you sell your house and buy one of lesser value. I just went through this when I moved two years ago.

HJR 213 (Griffitts): Adjusts caps on taxable value growth — limiting increases to 3% over three years for homesteads (currently 3% annually) and 15% over three years for non-homesteads (currently 10% annually). This one won’t help now, it will just keep taxable value from growing as quickly as it does now. The loophole here is so large, you can drive a truck through it- there is nothing here that prevents localities from raising rates, the only cap is on taxable value. The net effect is that this won’t change your taxes a single cent.

In my opinion, HJR201 is the only one that will change anything, since a person owning a $200,000 house will wind up paying the same taxes as a person owning a million dollar house. To me, that is fair, since both are nominally receiving the same government services. Same services should mean same taxes.

By Divemedic, ago

Don’t Look Now

Gold is now selling at over $4250. That doesn’t mean that gold is worth more. It means the dollar is worth less. Oh, and silver is now selling at more than $52. The dollar is quickly crashing.

The dollar has lost 3/4 of its value in the past decade, 90% of its value in the last 20 years, and 98.5% of its value since we went away from being a gold based currency in 1973. That isn’t the greed of the banks, that’s the greed of our government.

By Divemedic, ago

Balance Sheet

To understand how banks work, you need a bit of accounting knowledge. It all starts with the balance sheet. A balance sheet is simply a snapshot of a company’s financial position at a particular point in time. A balance sheet is separated into two parts:

The left side, which is everything that the company owns, called assets, and

The right side, which is the company’s obligations, plus the owner’s stake. The company’s obligations are called liabilities, and the owner’s stake is called equity.

The two sides MUST be equal to each other, that is the right and left side are in balance. There is a simple formula for this:

Assets= liabilities + equity.

To illustrate how this works, suppose you were walking down the street and had $40 in cash in your pocket. Your balance sheet would be:

Cash assets: $40 = No liability + $40 in equity. All in balance.

Now suppose that you enter a diner and order a $20 breakfast. Now your balance sheet looks like this:

Cash asset: $40 + $20 in breakfast= $20 liability that you owe to the diner for the breakfast + $40 in cash equity. Still balanced, because you added the meal to your assets, but that meal came with a liability that you now owe to the diner, so Assets still equal liabilities plus equity.

Your meal is done, so you pay your tab. Now your balance sheet looks like this:

Assets $20 in cash= $0 in liabilities + $20 in cash equity. Still balanced. This is all governed by standard rules called GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles).

Now let’s apply this to lending. I get some investors, and we start a lending institution. They start off by investing $10 million in my company. My balance sheet looks like this:

Assets $10 million in my checking account = $0 liabilities, $10 million in equity.

Now here is where things get interesting. I loan someone $1 million to open a business. Let’s not get into interest rates just yet, because I want to explain how this accounting entry works. Instead, we will do a flat fee. The loan paper says that the borrower has to repay me the $1 million principle, plus a flat fee of $50,000 for the privilege of borrowing this money. This means that my balance sheet will look like this:

Assets are $9,000,000 in my account, plus a promissory note for $1,050,000. My liabilities are $1,000,000 that I owe to the borrower, plus owner’s equity of $9,050,000. Still balanced.

I do this a bunch of times, and now I have assets of $2,000,000 in my account, and notes totaling $8,400,000. For the right side of the sheet, I now have liabilities of $8,000,000 that are in the accounts of my borrowers waiting to be withdrawn, and $2,400,000 in equity.

The borrowers finally all take the money out to fund their businesses, so now my balance sheet looks like:

Assets are $8,400,000 in notes, plus $2,000,000 in cash. The right side is now $0 in liabilities and $10,400,000 in equity. All balanced.

What if, instead of investors, I open my bank ay accepting depositors? OK, let’s see.

Assets= $8,000,000 in deposited money, plus $2,000,000 in owners’ cash = $8,000,000 of liabilities (That deposited money isn’t mine- I still owe it to them), plus $2,000,000 in equity. Balanced. I have lots of funds that I can lend out, so I am said to be liquid.

I make the same loans under the same terms, but this time, it looks different:

Assets are $8,400,000 in notes, plus $8,000,000 in depositor cash, plus $2,000,000 in owners’ cash. We now owe $16,000,000 in liabilities, plus $2,400,000 in equity. So how did we do this? Did we create money out of thin air? How can we have $16 million when all we did was lend out the $8 million that was deposited in our bank? That $16 million is just us counting the same money twice. It doesn’t make sense if you are a concrete numbers person. That’s what is meant by the money multiplier of banks. If you want to look at it as a concrete number, it certainly seems that we have created that money out of thin air. After all, we were given $8 million, but now there is $16 million out there circulating in the economy.

This, to me, was the most difficult part in understanding finance. So how did I get to the point where this made sense?

At the end of the day, we didn’t really create any money. For every dollar we lent out, we still owe a dollar to our depositors. If those people all came to us and wanted their money back, I would be in deep shit. After all, I loaned out their money and I no longer have it. Their money is nothing but a bunch of ledger entries and withdrawal strips. One way to make all of my depositors come to me demanding all of their money at the same time is to have them think that I don’t have enough funds to pay them. That’s called a “bank run” and is a near guarantee of my bank going out of business.

To prevent the scenario where we don’t have enough money to pay depositors’ demands, we keep a percentage of that money still in our hand, and we call that our reserve fund. That way, if one of our depositors came to us and wanted to withdraw his deposit, we have enough on hand to make that happen. The amount that our bank holds back is the reciprocal of the loan to debt ratio (LDR). It’s simple to calculate.

LDR= total loans/total deposits

A healthy bank maintains an LDR of between 70 and 90 percent. If a bank goes below that, they are underutilizing their assets and leaving potential profits on the table, and if they go over that, they risk not having enough funds on hand to pay depositors who want to withdraw money, and thus are risking a bank run and the bankruptcy that comes with it. Banks that go over 100% are lending out more money than they have, and aren’t liquid enough. They are facing a potential crisis.

That LDR is our bank’s reserve. That reserve, being a fraction of my assets, is called fractional reserve.

To be able to lend out more money, we can do some things, and some of them are fraudulent. That’s where the 2009 lending crisis enters the chat. In that case, banks and other lenders were downright committing fraud. This is how the scheme worked:

Let’s say that we want to be more liquid so we can loan out more money. My balance sheet looks like this:

Assets are $10,500,000 in promissory notes and nothing else. I have no more funds. On the right side, I have $10,000,000 in liabilities to my depositors, plus liabilities of $100,000 to my employees, the landlord of my rented business location, the electric company, and others. I have only $400,000 in equity. I need money so I can keep lending because my LDR is 105% and I am in trouble.

So this is what I do- I sell my promissory notes to an investor. I sell them at a discount, and the person buying them makes money on the margin. So let’s say that I sell those notes for $10,250,000. Now my balance sheet looks like:

Assets: $10,250,000 in cash. Liabilities of $10,000,000 to my depositors, and $100,000 liabilities to my other creditors. I now have $150,000 in equity, but now I can loan out more money because my LDR is is back down to 0%. Now I am back in the lending business because someone else owns those loans.

Wash. Rinse. Repeat.

They did this, even though they knew those promissory notes were unlikely to be profitable because they were made to people unlikely to repay them. The people who bought those promissory notes just got screwed. Who bought those notes? Investors- people like you and I when our pension funds and 401k’s were investing in various securities.

That’s where the fraud is, and there were a lot of lenders who took advantage of that. I still can’t believe that no one went to jail over that.

By Divemedic, ago

Discussions With Communists

Some commie online was upset that lenders charge interest, claiming that it is usury. He feels that loans should be interest free. Being that I have completed the finance and economics courses for my MBA, this is where I decided to help educate him. I shouldn’t have bothered.

Lenders have expenses.

They have fixed administrative costs like accounting, clerks, and other things that they must pay for. Those costs are the same for every loan.

Then there are the variable costs, the cost of defaults. About 1 percent of those who have a 750 or higher credit score default, but this rises to more than 15% of those with a score of less than 600. This default rate means that interest rates must be higher for those who have a higher chance of default. If interest rates are capped, then lenders will simply refuse to lend to those whose likelihood of default makes it uneconomically feasible. That tends to mean minorities, who historically have much higher default rates.

The commie went on to handwave that point away, saying it is a bad approach to paying for things.

In response to this, I posed a question:

So what’s the alternative? It takes about 14,000 hours of labor to build a house, plus materials. Where does the money come from?

Here are the alternatives that he proposed. I answer each in turn.

1) We could eliminate the usury/interest rates system altogether. If it’s too expensive, we have no business buying it yet. If a low cost bought huge portions of America, we can restore that same value.

Much of that was when each person was building their own house, growing their own food, etc. Have you built your own car? House? Can you? Most people cannot. Money is what makes specialization possible. Sometimes, a transaction takes more money than you have on hand. The cost of waiting to save and pay cash isn’t practical. Try living in a carboard box while you save to buy a house.

2) We could have a fixed flat member fee. Nothing too small, nothing too big. Something that keeps a company in business, especially when factoring in multiple customers. We could cap the compounded debt.

How large would the membership fee go to buy a house or a car? What would be the terms? Imagine walking to work for 5 years while you make payments on a car that you don’t yet have.

3) We could simply cap the profit of compounded debt.

What would happen then would be that no one with bad credit would get a loan.

4) We can focus on reducing the root costs of resources (wood, etc.) after eliminating interest rates.

The largest expense in almost any business is the cost of labor. To build that house, you still need to fund those thousands of hours of labor. Who pays for that, and how?

5) The sellers could get monthly payments directly while cutting out the middleman. Extra cost could be minimal.

So you want the sellers to also be the lenders. That’s inefficient and actually increases costs. Now the seller’s funds are tied up in the products that haven’t yet been paid for. The time between selling the inventory and receiving payment is called the cash conversion cycle. Without financing, this could mean years of a company waiting to be paid for things like appliances, homes, and cars. There will still be defaults, meaning that those costs will be passed on to consumers. Also, only wealthy people and those with good credit will receive goods. Minorities need not even apply.

6) Sellers can start by asking for a lump sum in the beginning to give them a buffer before monthly payments.

Again, with sellers asked to also be lenders. This disrupts the seller’s cash conversion cycle. Funds that are tied up in inventory that has already been sold are not available for the company to continue operations, causing losses and delays. This is expensive. The term here is called “The Time Value of Money.”

7) The seller of resource materials can drop their prices for the seller of products.

So now you want the suppliers to bear the costs? The electrician drops prices for the home builder. Now how does that work?

8) Financial aid (if spending isn’t going to the people, why is it so much better for government money to go to the usury sin of lenders?) To eventually pay off the government in a fixed fee of profit. No fee. Failure to cover is taxed — last resort.

So the government will pay interest instead of consumers? This results in unsustainable debt, or in runaway inflation.

9) A non-profit source of assistance to fill in a time of struggle.

Where does this non-profit get their funding? Money is a material, just like steel, wood, or labor. It has to be paid for. Someone, somehow, someway will bear the costs of money. It will be the consumer who has to wait until he can get a house or car on layaway, the business that has paid for labor and materials and now can’t use those funds for the next project because they are awaiting payment, or the taxpayers who have to fund the government. It’s a cost, and someone will pay for it. You are expecting the government, who has famously paid $600 for a hammer, to control costs.

10) Pay as we go. A product might need to be covered completely, but duration of services could be ongoing payment. Instead of a government paying a lump sum of a project, they only shell out service cost totals as the project goes on, that way if there’s a cancelation, it basically freezes the pay where it is at, instead of being trapped a lump sum covered by loans and then owing the initial cost and a potentially unending debt with immeasurable interest rates, the costs of services are already covered.

So you pay for the land to be cleared. Then save for a few months before you have the money to pay for the underslab work like plumbing to be done. Three more months for the outside walls, ad nauseum, ad infinitum. Twenty years of being homeless later, you finally are ready to move into your house. This is just a repeat of your first point- and still won’t work.

11) Lay Away. Pay First. Receive after. No middleman.

Again with the point of paying for it before you get it.

12) A combination of these things..

None of which will work, for the reasons above.

His answer to all of this? He focused on the “Time Value of Money” and the cost of money.

“That’s the cost of money” ignores everything I just said. I know that my wages don’t satisfy my time. Time is not an objective value. Too bad. Your explanation is some weak sauce.

The base issue here is that young people (who make up the majority of useful idiots) have no concept of money, value, or economics. My son once asked me (when he was 4 years old) for some expensive toy. I told him that we don’t have money for that, and his reply was to tell me to go get more from the ATM. Communists display all of the economic knowledge of a 4 year old who wants a new toy.

By Divemedic, ago

No One Knows the Cost

We talked about the high cost of healthcare. When people talk about how the US healthcare system is “broken” they are mostly complaining about cost. Getting costs down is tricky, and it’s a problem that was caused by government interference.

The Medicare Physician Fee Schedule is a 1,348-page document, and the final rule for hospital inpatient payment systems is 773 pages long. For some services, it’s impossible to know how many pages of regulations and price controls there are. For example, The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) does not condense the Medicare payment rules for ambulances into a single, definitive document. The regulations for ambulance charges are spread across multiple manuals and chapters, all of which are constantly being updated and revised. A definitive page count for the rules does not exist, because no one knows for sure what all of the rules are.

All of this adds to the cost, as medical providers have to hire entire departments just to take a guess at what they can and should charge you, and even then, they often get it wrong, because the rules are contradictory.

Every time the government steps in to fix it, they add pages and chapters to the manual, but instead of fixing things, they make it more complex with carve-outs, backdoor deals that kickback money to big donors, and the need for an even larger hospital billing department.

I do want to respond to one comment, where someone said that reading a CT scan shouldn’t cost $1500 because it only takes an experienced radiologist 30 minutes or so to do it. Remember that you aren’t just paying for the radiologist. You are also paying for his malpractice insurance, the costs of compliance with government electronic charting and recordkeeping, the costs of his staff to include the billing department, and other associated administrative overhead. That radiologist is only getting a small fraction of that money, in many cases, less than a fifth of it.

  • Malpractice insurance for a radiologist is around $25,000 per year
  • Costs for electronic health records: for a smaller practice, you are looking at around $400,000 for initial costs, plus another $50,000 per year. In the case of radiologists, it will be even more to integrate with the output of proprietary CT machines.
  • Plus staff and administrative costs
  • So a radiologist is paying $200k or so a year just to read those CT scans. If he isn’t charging that kind of money, he might as well go be a plumber.

Keep in mind that an hour’s work from a plumber costs about the same as that radiologist is going to cost you.

By Divemedic, ago

Costs of Care

I had a tough week recently. You wouldn’t believe how tiring it is to use your brain at a high level, with lives in the balance, for 12 hours straight. It’s a high stakes, high stress endeavor. When I work and the day is especially stressful, I am in bed asleep within an hour of getting home, and I sleep until it’s time to go back to work. Let’s look at one of the patients I had on one of those days:

A woman decided that she was going to kill herself by taking every pill she could find in her house. Three hours later, she changed her mind and called 911. She was a frequent visitor to the emergency room and had been placed on involuntary psych holds (called a Baker Act) a few times before, due to suicide threats that turned out to be cries for attention.

She was my patient.

EMS handed me a bag of empty pill bottles, all of which the woman claimed to have taken. A final count of the pills revealed that she had taken most of a 90 day supply of Digoxin, Wellbutrin, Sotalol, Xarelto, and a few other drugs. I think we finally estimated 50-60 pills of each were unaccounted for.

I asked the doctor if he wanted to do a gastric lavage. He said he didn’t want to, because it had already been 3 hours and any pills she had taken were likely digested by now. He also pointed out that her vital signs were unchanged, and this was a good sign that she was again acting out, but hadn’t actually taken anything.

I told him that, since the drugs she had claimed to have taken were mostly extended release, we would be looking at some real trouble in about another hour. He told me to watch her and call him if anything changed.

I had three other patients, including another Baker Act. Those involuntary admissions require a lot of paperwork, so I was busy.

About an hour later, I got a call from the telemetry operator that the woman’s heart rate had suddenly dropped from 62 to less than 35. I ran into the room and found her in a junctional escape rhythm at 32 beats per minute. I called the ED doc, who was on the other side of the department, and told him what I had. I recommended Atropine and Glucagon and asked for the order. He concurred and said he was on his way.

By the time he got to me, I had called a Resuscitative Medical Alert. That gets me the ED rapid response team, including a charge nurse, three other nurses, two techs, a respiratory therapist, and Xray tech with a portable Xray machine, and the ED doctor. I gave her two doses of Atropine and two of Glucagon. It didn’t do a bit of good.

I suggested that we start pacing immediately. He agreed, and we started external pacing. Her blood pressure was shit, so as the Dr prepared to intubate, we got orders for and hung an Epinephrine drip. Then it was Ketamine, Rocuronium, intubation, and a Ketamine infusion. By then the ICU doctor and a dose of Digifab had arrived. We got the Digifab running and took her to ICU.

She lived for 5 days in the ICU. That was 1 of the 22 patients that I had that day. She was also 1 of the 7 suicide patients I had that week, and the only one that didn’t survive. In fact, I had 81 patients that week and only 3 of them didn’t survive.

While she was there, she received over $300,000 in medication. The Digifab alone was almost $100,000 of it. They tried dialysis, it didn’t work because the Digitalis molecules were too large to dialyze out. Her total bill was well over a million bucks.

Some of the drugs she got were specialized and aren’t given to many people, so they are costly.

She isn’t going to pay that bill, because she is dead. So who pays it? We all do. The hospital spreads those costs out across every patient. It’s like going to a restaurant where everyone gets to eat whatever they want, they can order one of everything on the menu, and about a quarter of them don’t pay, so everyone else has to pony up the difference.

It’s an ethical conundrum. Who decides what treatments will be offered? If we leave it up to the hospital, does the patient get a choice? Does the insurance company? There are pitfalls to each answer, and trust me, it’s one that healthcare workers debate frequently.

Someone has to pay for all of the education and experience of the providers. Not only while they are actually providing care, but also for UHU reasons. Now UHU is a concept that originated with EMS, but applies to the ED as well. UHU stands for “Unit Hour Utilization” and symbolizes the amount of time in each hour, on average, that an asset is busy treating a patient.

If the UHU is too low, you are spending money to have expensive assets sitting around. If your UHU is too high, there is a chance that someone will need their help and it won’t be available because it’s being used elsewhere.

All of that must be paid for, and that’s the issue.

Americans demand the best of everything. They want to have top notch care, they want it available at a whim, they won’t tolerate errors, and that is expensive. Every one of the actions taken in that woman’s case were areas where mistakes could have been made. They have to be done every time, without error, and it must be the right thing at the right time, no exceptions.

Now multiply that by the 200-500 patients a day in that ED. That isn’t cheap.

That’s the issue- Americans want it perfect and they want it on demand. The best of everything. Cost is no object. Sure, Americans complain that healthcare is expensive, but mention a system where an official controls cost by denying your claim, or as in the case of Canada, recommending euthanasia, and see people howl.

So you could control costs by making it easier to be a medical professional, but that would mean lowering standards, more medical errors, worsened medication quality controls, and more frequent things like hospital acquired infections.

Or make it cheaper through rationing. You could wait 2 years for an MRI.

I’m not saying that there aren’t examples of waste and fraud. I know there are. I also have a problem with hospitals not disclosing their rates up front. You should know that it’s going to cost $20,000 for a CT scan, another $1500 for the radiologist to read it, etc. Trump tried to do that, and the hospital lobby shut it down through Congress.

However, how do you control that in a nation as large as ours? Anyone who says there is an easy answer is being childishly naive or doesn’t really understand what’s going on.

If you passed a law mandating that anyone could have dinner at any restaurant they wish, could order whatever they want, and the restaurant couldn’t demand payment up front, and people could buy “dinner insurance” to pay for it, what would people eat, where would they eat, and how much would dinner cost?

By Divemedic, ago

Healthcare

As I have said before, since there are only so many doctors and other medical professionals, there are only a couple of ways to manage a healthcare system:

  • You can tinker with supply. That is, you can increase supply by making it easier to be a doctor, which carries its own liabilities, like lowering the skill level of the professionals performing brain surgery and the like; or
  • You can tinker with demand. There are two ways to do this, as far as I can see. You can either allow price to control demand, or you can let a government official set quotas and a waiting list.

The US has chosen to (mostly) control demand by allowing prices to dictate what people can afford. Canada has gone the route of price controls and government setting quotas with waiting lists. Let’s check to see how that is going:

Meanwhile, patients who need an ultrasound get one at my hospital within 30 minutes of it being ordered. An MRI takes a bit longer- we usually can get someone in within a day or two.

By Divemedic, ago

Making It

My post from the other day surprisingly hit a nerve with some people. Even among the readers of this blog, there appear to be many people who are their own worst financial enemy. They still would rather believe that the deck is stacked against them and scapegoat someone else for their own lack of making it.

The gist of all of this is some sort of excuse about how it is someone else’s fault that they aren’t successful. That person could be faceless judges, the rich who have pulled up the ladder behind them, boomers, your ex-wife, whoever.

It’s all bullshit. There is no evidence that it’s any harder now than it was 50 years ago. For starters, home ownership isn’t as difficult as it seems. In the US, less that half of all US citizens owned their own homes before WW2. After that war, there was a homebuilding boom that saw homeownership rates increase to 55% in 1950, 62% in 1960, then 63% in 1970, when Baby Boomers began buying homes. The 80’s and 90’s had homeownership rates around 64%, and increasing to 66% by the turn of the millennium.

Homeownership rates peaked in 2004 with a 69% rate. It fell with the collapse of the mortgage lenders, bottoming out at 63% in 2016. Even now, homeownership rates are hovering around 65%, which is still higher than it was through most US history.

The only person holding you back is- you. Well, you and the choices that you make. Yes, I am telling you that if I made it, you can, too. Remember that I was bankrupt in 2009. When I left that bankruptcy, I had less than $3,000 in assets, and that included a car I was still making payments on. I lost my house in that bankruptcy and had to move back into an apartment. That was when I took a very real look at what I was doing. I made changes.

I am telling you to take a real look at where your money is going. Don’t buy useless shit. Buy and payoff a house. Save, invest. Get your spouse on board with your effort- it won’t work unless you are both doing it together. You won’t be able to make it if one of you is saving while the other is spending.

This is intended to be motivational. You can do this, but it won’t be easy. It will take spending discipline. It will take some effort. Not everyone is going to be wealthy- but anyone CAN be wealthy.

You can do it. Or you can keep blaming a scapegoat for the fact that you aren’t.

By Divemedic, ago